Bond Street
Old Street
Basingstoke Station
Medical Factfile and information
Medical Facts!!!
ACNE
Acne is a very common skin condition that may affect 80% of people under the age of 30, at one time or another. While it is particularly common in teenagers in the midst of puberty, adults can also be affected by this condition. Acne is a result of inflammation and overactivity of the sebaceous glands which are located on the face. Hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy or are related to a woman's menstrual cycle can also cause acne in those sensitive to it. Some medications may also produce the side effect of acne.
Symptoms
Acne symptoms are visible to the eye, and there is said to be two types - non inflammatory and inflammatory. The former is milder, consisting of a few spots, whiteheads or blackheads on the face. It can be treated with over-the-counter medication. Inflammatory acne occurs when the whiteheads become inflamed, resulting in many spots on the face, neck, back, and chest. Scars are sometimes visible and larger infected cysts may be present. The acne sufferer usually has oily skin.
Diagnosis
Your GP or doctor at a private walk-in clinic can diagnosis acne by visually examining your skin. The severity of the condition is best determined by a medical professional who can recommend the most appropriate treatment. If you are psychologically distressed as a result of acne, or have attempted to treat the acne and received no results, consult a medical professional.
Treatment
When attempting to cure your acne with remedies from your local chemist doesn't work, visit your healthcare professional. Your doctor can prescribe medication in the form of topical ointments or oral tablets, which may effectively treat your condition. Certain oral contraceptives can improve acne in women and your doctor can determine whether you are a good candidate for this treatment.
ADDICTION
Addiction refers to any compulsive activity an individual may attend to as a result of psychological or physical dependence. The individual's addiction is said take over their life by dominating their thoughts and interfering in life's common activities. Addiction can also have a major effect on those close to the addict, like family members and friends.
The most common addictions we hear about are drugs (including alcohol) and nicotine. People can become addicted to a wide range of substances or activities - including food, gambling, and sex. In terms of chemical addiction, it has become increasingly common to develop an addiction to legal drugs including certain medications.
Symptoms
When it comes to substance abuse, some basic symptoms of addiction include the mindset of the user that he or she cannot have fun without using her substance of choice; constant borrowing of money, depression, mood swings, poor attendance at work or school, and deterioration of physical appearance. Different substances can cause different symptoms - for example, a frequent cocaine user may experience damage to the nose whilst an alcoholic may develop a damaged liver and a cannabis user may become 'slow' and withdrawn.
Physical addiction to drugs like alcohol, heroin, nicotine, and prescription drugs like painkillers and benzodiazepines (benzodiazepines are used to treat anxiety) are marked by withdrawal symptoms and an increased tolerance to the substance the addict relies on. Symptoms that occur when the user attempts to stop using depend on the substance, the length of time the person has been using and the quantity ingested on a regular basis. An alcoholic, for example, may experience vomiting, tremor, anxiety, insomnia, or hallucination to name just a few possible symptoms, whilst heroin withdrawal may produce symptoms similar to those of a very bad flu, including chills and sweats, nausea, diarrhoea, runny nose, loss of appetite, and anxiety, amongst many others.
Psychological effects of addiction again vary accordingly - one may feel that he or she cannot get through the day without cocaine or that without cannabis life is too stressful to handle.
Studies show that genetics may play a part in one's tendency towards addiction.
Diagnosis
If you think you may suffer from addiction, contact your doctor. Only a healthcare professional can give you a proper diagnosis and devise a plan to treat your addiction. Discussing your habits with a doctor will be the main route to uncovering the severity of the addiction, therefore allowing the doctor outline your treatment options and help you get started.
Treatment
Treatment for addiction of course depends on the addiction - someone with a gambling addiction will likely need talk therapy. In therapy, the intention in such a case would be to uncover the underlying issues as to why that person is incessantly gambling, and to engage in cognitive behavioural therapy to change the person's attitudes and behaviours relating to the addiction. An individual with an addiction that produces physical withdrawal symptoms once the substance is stopped may need medical treatment including prescription medications to assist the person in detoxing. In many cases such patients are recommended entry to an inpatient rehabilitation program where they can get the best medical support to make their detox as successful, bearable and safe as possible while receiving psychological support from others.
ALLERGIES
Allergies may affect approximately 40% of the UK's population. Basically, they are irregular reactions of the immune system to specific substances. Common allergens include nuts, pollen, pet hair, cosmetics, drugs, latex, and a wide range of foods. Allergies are known to most often develop during childhood, but there has been a significant increase in the adult onset of allergies. Genetics can play a part in whether an individual develops a particular allergy, but many acquire allergies from excessive exposure to a particular substance, especially when it comes to food allergies.
Symptoms
Symptoms can range from very mild to life threatening. Hives, skin rash, watery eyes, difficulty breathing, stomach cramps, and vomiting are often signs of an allergic reaction. If you experience such symptoms for the first time it is a good idea to visit your GP or walk-in clinic.
In rare instances, an allergy sufferer may experience Anaphylaxis - a condition where the individual reacts suddenly to an allergen, experiencing symptoms including increased heart rate, diarrhoea, decreased blood pressure, 'shock', and eventually unconsciousness. If you or someone you know is Anaphylactic, an immediate injection of adrenaline is crucial upon onset, and anyone who knowingly can be afflicted by Anaphylaxis should carry this injection with them at all times.
Diagnosis
If you are unsure of what is causing the potential allergic reaction, visit your doctor or private walk-in clinic. The skin prick test is the most commonly used test to diagnose an allergy, and your healthcare professional can use this method to check for a variety of allergens at once. The skin patch test is also used, often to diagnose skin conditions like Eczema which may be a result of an allergy. Blood tests are also a good method of diagnosing allergies.
Treatment
Allergies can often be treated with over-the-counter medicines like antihistamines, eye drops, or topical ointments. Prescription medication is also available if the allergy isn't successfully treated with over-the-counter remedies. Allergy antigen injections are also used to treat allergies, and consist of a programme of regular injections given by your doctor or other healthcare professional. Anaphylaxis must be treated immediately upon onset with an injection of adrenaline.
ANAEMIA
Anaemia is a condition resulting from a lower than 'normal' number of red blood cells, or poor haemoglobin levels. The most common type of anaemia is caused by reduced levels of iron. Vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency can also cause anaemia.
Blood loss and diets lacking in iron are the two most common causes of anaemia. Women who experience heavy periods, and vegetarians (meat is a main source of iron) are two groups of people with an increased chance of developing anaemia. Internal and external blood loss due to an accident, and certain conditions like Crohn's disease can cause iron deficiency anaemia. Pregnant women, teenagers, and babies not fed cow's milk are also susceptible to developing this condition.
Symptoms
Symptoms of anaemia include significant fatigue, faintness, palpitations, difficulty breathing, pale complexion, brittle nails, and feeling inappropriately cold. Many people with anaemia feel generally weak.
Diagnosis
A blood test can determine whether you are suffering from anaemia.
Treatment
Anaemia due to lack of iron, vitamin B12, or folic acid can be treated through dietary changes and/or supplements if necessary. Vegetarians can obtain iron from foods like green vegetables, eggs, and dried fruit. If you eat meat, your doctor may recommend an increase in red meat intake, but make sure to consult him or her first. Foods containing sufficient levels of vitamin C (oranges are one), B12 (meat and cheese, for example), and folic acid (broccoli and nuts, for example) may be recommended. It is important to discuss dietary options with your healthcare professional.
ANXIETY
Anxiety is something everyone experiences, especially in challenging situations, but when it becomes irrational and excessive it can be a debilitating condition that interferes with life's everyday tasks. The anxiety sufferer may be afflicted by a phobia like dentists or dogs, for example, or may be suffering as a result of a specific occurrence. 'Free floating anxiety' or Generalised Anxiety Disorder, wherein the individual cannot pinpoint the specific cause, is said to affect up to 2 million people in the UK.
Symptoms
When anxious, the anxiety sufferer often feels shaky and tense. Other common symptoms include increased heart rate, sweating, 'knots' in stomach, difficulty breathing, insomnia, light headedness, constant worry, fear of dying, and difficulty concentrating, amongst others.
Some anxiety sufferers experience panic attacks from time to time. Panic attacks can hit the person suddenly, and feel so weakening and scary that many think they are experiencing a heart attack or are about to die. Panic attacks can occur for no known reason or as a response to a phobia the person may have. A sudden feeling of fright, light headedness to the point the sufferer feels faint, increased heart beat, sweating and shallow breathing mark the onset of a panic attack.
Diagnosis
Anxiety can be diagnosed by means of assessing symptoms. If you think you are suffering from an anxiety disorder visit your doctor. If you are frequently restless, tense, irritable and shaky, you may have anxiety. However, these symptoms are common of other conditions including depression so it is a necessity to see a medical professional if you suspect you may have anxiety.
Treatment
When anxiety affects your quality of life it is advisable to seek treatment. There is a wide range of anti-anxiety drugs that can be prescribed by your doctor. Medication is sometimes given to the anxiety sufferer for a short period of time, when the patient is experiencing severe symptoms. Antidepressant medication is also used to treat anxiety and can be beneficial to treat and prevent constant anxiety, on a long-term basis.
Psychotherapy can be helpful in uncovering the possible cause(s) of anxiety and learning how to control symptoms. Some private medical clinics offer psychotherapy onsite, which can be beneficial to the patient needing a combination of medication and talk therapy. Additional non-pharmaceutical interventions can also help the anxiety sufferer and your doctor can devise a suitable plan to alleviate your symptoms.
APPENDICITIS
Appendicitis occurs when one's appendix becomes inflamed, often a result of an infection or blockage (of faeces for example) of the appendix. This condition more often affects children, but can occur in individuals of all ages.
Symptoms
As the symptoms of Appendicitis can resemble those of other conditions, it is important to see your healthcare professional if you suspect you may be suffering from this condition. Common symptoms include pain in the abdomen area which makes its way to the lower right side of the body within a few hours, loss of appetite, vomiting, flushed complexion, raised temperature, constipation, diarrhoea and bad breath.
Diagnosis
Appendicitis can be diagnosed through blood and urine tests, ultrasound and analysis of medical history and temperature checks. The doctor may also conduct an internal examination. There is no test that can pinpoint appendicitis precisely, and treatment is often recommended based on the patient's symptoms. As the symptoms of the condition are common to many other illnesses, Appendicitis is often misdiagnosed; however, it is imperative to seek medical attention if you exhibit symptoms common to Appendicitis. A delay in seeing your doctor or visiting a private walk-in medical centre can result in a perforated appendix, which will require additional treatment and may result in a longer recovery period.
Treatment
If Appendicitis is suspected, the appendix is usually removed in a procedure called an appendicectomy. It is a routine procedure often conducted under general anaesthetic. The most common procedure involves making a small incision in the lower right side of the abdomen through which the appendix is removed. Laparoscopic surgery is sometimes conducted; it involves inserting a tiny camera into the abdomen in order to guide surgery and has the advantage of often resulting in a shorter recovery period.
It only takes a few days to recover from an appendicectomy and you may be asked to stay in the hospital for two-three days. If the appendix has burst you may be asked to stay in the hospital an additional few days to ensure a good recovery. Antibiotic treatment is standard and will likely be administered before surgery.
ARTHRITIS
Arthritis refers to inflammation of the joints – a condition which causes pain and stiffness around joint areas, as well as hindered mobility of the joints themselves. While many people think arthritis only affects senior citizens, this is not the case. People of all ages, including children can be affected by this condition; however, some types of arthritis like Osteoarthritis most often affect people over 40. Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis are the two most common forms of the condition.
Symptoms
While different types of arthritis can produce different symptoms the most common symptoms which may suggest one is afflicted by this condition include pain and stiffness around the joints (especially in the morning or after a long period of inactivity), as well as hindered movement of the joint(s), and swelling and redness of the skin around the site. Damaged joints and visible nodules under the skin are also symptoms of arthritis.
Diagnosis
X-rays, blood tests, and scans may be called for if your GP or private healthcare professional suspects you have arthritis. He or she may refer you to a rheumatologist, orthopaedic surgeon, physiotherapist, or occupational therapist if arthritis is the diagnosis.
Treatment
Arthritis, like many ailments, is often treated with a combination of things, and your doctor and healthcare professionals experience in dealing with arthritis will create a personalised plan for you. This may include specific exercises, medication, diet, pain relief, nutritional supplements and possibly surgery.
ASTHMA
Asthma affects more than 100 million people around the world. It usually begins in childhood but many people do develop the condition in adulthood. When the asthmatic person comes into contact with a particular trigger (examples of triggers are pollen, animals, smoke, air pollutants, dust, exercise) their airways tighten. Basically the muscles around the airways tighten, therefore narrowing the airways. The airways then become inflamed. Sometimes a build-up of mucus or phlegm narrows the airways even more. The outcome is the sufferer has difficulty breathing.
Symptoms
Asthma symptoms range from mild to severe. Feeling tight-chested and breathless, wheezing, and coughing are common symptoms. You may experience coughing every morning or evening yet be symptom-free the rest of the day. Some sufferers may experience symptoms daily while others only every few months.
Asthma attacks occur when 'normal' symptoms worsen and the airways become even more inflamed and additional, thicker mucus is produced. Asthma attacks can be mild or very serious. If not treated, asthma attacks may be deadly. Symptoms of an attack include wheezing, incessant coughing, chest pain, sweating, shortness of breath, intense anxiety or panic, appearing pale, and developing blue lips or fingernails. The development of blue skin, otherwise known as 'cyanosis' is a very serious sign and the sufferer will need immediate medical attention if not being attended to already.
Diagnosis
If you are experiencing symptoms of asthma and think you may have the condition it is extremely important to visit your GP or private doctor. He or she will ask you a series of questions, as well as conduct a physical examination and carry out non-invasive tests such as one utilising a peak flow meter to measure how well you breathe. You may be given a trial medication to determine whether it improves your symptoms.
Treatment
Treatment for asthma depends on the severity of the condition. Your doctor can assess the severity of your case and create the best plan to control symptoms. Inhalers - devices which deliver medicine to your airways, are used to both treat asthma symptoms and prevent attacks. Some medicines which relieve symptoms are salbutamol and terbutaline. Steroids such as fluticasone or beclometasone are used regularly as ongoing treatment to prevent attacks. If you are experiencing an attack it is essential to utilise your 'relieving' inhaler immediately and to sit down. If your symptoms do not diminish within 10 minutes call a doctor or ambulance service.
BACK PAIN
Back pain is very common and contributes to a very high proportion of workplace absences. Back pain can develop slowly or suddenly - you may gradually develop pain over a course of a couple weeks or you may wake up with pain, for example. The pain may be a result of an injury like a sprain of a muscle or ligament. Improper lifting of objects can easily cause back pain. Simple back pain, or back pain not related to an illness makes up the majority of the pain commonly experienced. Poor posture, particularly while sitting in a car or at a desk is a major cause of back pain. Stress, uncomfortable mattresses, lack of physical exertion or overexertion can also contribute to back pain.
The location of back pain of course can vary but the lower back is the most frequently affected area. Pain can range from faint to severe and last anywhere from a day to several months.
Diagnosis
Obviously, if you feel pain in your back, it exists! If the pain persists or is affecting your daily activities it may be time to visit your doctor or walk-in medical clinic. Seek immediate attention if you have experienced an obvious injury, are using steroids, have rapidly lost weight, are experiencing numbness of limbs, or have been inflicted by cancer or HIV.
Treatment
Treatment for back pain often depends on the cause. For instance, Arthritis can be treated with medication. In many cases, continuing with your day-to-day activities is recommended. While you may feel the need to lie down or be inactive, this is often not conducive to improving the condition. However, avoiding strenuous activities that can potentially further strain your back is advisable. Over-the-counter medicines like ibuprofen or paracetemol can be useful in controlling pain.
Many people find massage therapy, osteopathy, physiotherapy, and chiropracters to be helpful in treating back pain. However, it is advisable to see your doctor before considering such treatments.
BLOOD PRESSURE
Blood pressure refers to the pressure at which blood is pumped from the heart. 'Normal' blood pressure is approximately 120/80 mmHg. While some people have low blood pressure, which is often regarded as good (provided it is not abnormally low or a result of an underlying illness), others have high blood pressure which needs attending to. High blood pressure (hypertension) is often a result of heredity and lack of exercise and a poor diet. However, blood pressure does tend to increase with age. Low blood pressure can also be a result of certain medications or a condition like pancreatitis or a weak heart
Low blood pressure
Symptoms
Symptoms like frequently experiencing a 'light-headed' feeling, dizziness and fainting are characteristic of low blood pressure. See your doctor if you experience such symptoms.
Diagnosis
A simple and painless blood pressure check at your doctor or healthcare professional's office will determine whether you have low blood pressure. It is a good idea to have your blood pressure checked annually.
Treatment
Low blood pressure often does not need to be treated. Your doctor will determine whether the cause is in need of treatment.
High blood pressure
Symptoms
It's important to know that high blood pressure does not often cause symptoms. You may, however, experience symptoms if your blood pressure becomes exceptionally high. Such symptoms may include headache, fatigue, and of course heart attack or stroke. Generally, a reading of 160/100 mm/Hg is considered high.
Treatment
Lifestyle changes like stopping smoking, reducing alcohol intake and taking up regular exercise may be recommended by your physician. Medication to control blood pressure is also often prescribed. Frequent blood pressure checks will also be recommended to ensure successful treatment.
DEPRESSION
Depression is probably more common than you think. It can be caused by a variety of factors, or no known factors at all. Depression sometimes run in families and is therefore said to have a hereditary disposition. Exceptionally stressful or negative experiences (for example, the loss of a family member or friend; losing one's job; or enduring an abusive relationship) can also trigger the condition. It is often estimated that women are twice as likely to become depressed than men. Certain illnesses and drugs can trigger depression.
Depression can manifest itself in a variety of forms. Anxiety disorders, Bipolar Disorder, Major Depression, Seasonal Affective Disorder, and Postnatal Depression are all forms of depression that need to be treated.
Symptoms
Symptoms of depression include insomnia, hypersomnia, loss of appetite, constant feeling of sadness which may be accompanied by crying spells; fatigue, loss of interest in daily activities and sex, indecisiveness, and difficulty concentrating to name a few.
Diagnosis
If you are experiencing two or more of the above symptoms you may be depressed. Visit your doctor or private walk-in-clinic if you think you are suffering from depression. There is no precise test to determine whether one is suffering from depression; as such your healthcare professional will ask you a series of questions to help determine whether you need treatment, and if so, which kind. You may be referred to a specialist like a psychiatrist or psychologist for assessment.
Treatment
Treatment for depression may involve prescription medication, talk therapy, or a combination of the two. Other forms of treatment, like Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) can be discussed if initial treatment appears to be resistant. Treatment will vary according to your doctor's diagnosis.
DIABETES
Diabetes is basically a condition in which too much glucose (sugar) is present in the blood. This is a result of low levels of the hormone insulin or the inability of the body to utilise insulin properly. There are two main types of diabetes – type 1 and type 2. Type 1 is the less common of the two, and its onset usually occurs when one is under the age of 40. It is marked by the inability of the body to produce insulin. Type 2 diabetes usually occurs after the age of 40, often in obese people.
It is estimated that 750,000 people in the
Symptoms
Many people with diabetes do not exhibit symptoms, but to avoid damage to the body it is important to be checked by your GP regularly, especially if you are overweight or there is a history of diabetes in your family. Being thirsty all the time is one sign that you may have diabetes. Other symptoms include the urge to urinate very frequently, fatigue, and recurrent thrush in women.
Diagnosis
Urine and blood tests can determine whether you have diabetes. A glucose tolerance test in which your doctor measures glucose levels in your blood at timed intervals after administering glucose to you orally is sometimes used to diagnose diabetes. Your doctor will discuss any diagnostic procedures with you.
Treatment
If you have been diagnosed with diabetes your doctor will recommend that you take up regular exercise, stop smoking and eat a balanced diet, if you don’t already. You will also have to be diligent about monitoring your blood glucose level throughout the day.
Diabetes treatment is highly personalised, as every diabetic patient requires a different treatment plan, depending on factors like the person’s age, whether or not they are affected by complications, and the type of diabetes they have. Treatment usually includes medication – in the form of tablets, injections, or a combination of the two. Diabetes can successfully be managed if the patient follows the doctor’s treatment plan.
FLU (INFLUENZA)
Flu is a viral infection that commonly affects people during winter, although it is possible to come down with the flu at any time throughout the year. The virus can be present in the air, as a result of infected people coughing or sneezing. Kissing and touching someone with the flu can also transmit the virus.
Anyone can get the flu, but some are more susceptible to it than others. People over the age of 65, those who lived in shared accommodation, hospital workers, and people with diabetes, heart disease, lung disease, liver disease, kidney disease or conditions which affect the immune system are more at risk. It is recommended that such people receive a vaccination against the flu. Vaccinations are available from your GP or at a private walk-in clinic.
Symptoms
Muscle pain, sore throat, fever, fatigue, and coughing are all symptoms of the flu. Symptoms arise quickly. One minute you may be ‘fine’ and the next you may feel like going straight to bed.
Diagnosis
You don’t need to visit your doctor unless you have experienced symptoms for more than a few days. If symptoms persist, flu can become serious, causing ailments like pneumonia, so it’s important to seek medical attention if symptoms don’t subside.
Treatment
Staying in bed is necessary as is drinking lots of fluids including water and hot liquids. Your local pharmacist can recommend various medicines to treat your symptoms. Paracetamol and ibuprofen can lower your temperature. Be sure to keep warm and visit your doctor if symptoms don’t subside within a few days.
FOOD POISONING
Food poisoning can happen to anyone at any time. It is caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites that may be present in food, as a result of unhygienic practices that often take place in restaurant kitchens. Kitchen workers who fail to wash their hands before preparing food are often to blame for food poisoning.
Symptoms
Vomiting and diarrhoea are the most common symptoms of food poisoning, and usually begin 12-48 hours after infection. Other symptoms which may occur are sweating, dehydration, fever, stomach and muscle pain, and debilitating fatigue. Symptoms usually last between one and three days. If you are still experiencing symptoms after 48 hours, have blood in your stool or vomit, or suffer from an immune disorder like HIV, see your doctor or visit the emergency at your closest hospital.
Diagnosis
Your healthcare provider may take a urine, stool, or blood sample, as well as assess your blood pressure, breathing rate and temperature.
Treatment
If you are vomiting or experiencing diarrhoea stay away from solid food. Opt for clear liquids and lots of water. Some over-the-counter rehydration formulas may be helpful. When beginning to ingest solid foods again begin with bland foods like rice or bread.
If you have become exceptionally dehydrated and have accordingly had to visit a healthcare professional you may receive an IV and medicine to control vomiting or diarrhoea. If you have suffered pesticide poisoning it may be necessary to pump your stomach.
GALLSTONES
Gallstones are small, solid lumps usually made up of cholesterol. They are often found in the gallbladder or bile duct that connects to the small intestine. Often gallstones go unnoticed but sometimes symptoms may arise, making treatment necessary.
People over 40 and those who eat a diet high in fat are more likely to have gallstones. People from certain ethnic backgrounds are also more susceptible to gallstones.
Symptoms
Pain in the upper abdominal region, vomiting, nausea, and sweating are common symptoms of having gallstones. Pain may last minutes or hours during an 'attack' which is most likely to happen after indulging in a high-fat meal. Yellowing of the skin (jaundice) and pain lasting more than 5 hours are signs you should see a doctor immediately.
Diagnosis
Your doctor may conduct x-rays, ultrasounds, scans, and/or blood tests to determine if your symptoms are a result of gallstones.
Treatment
Surgery to remove the gallbladder is the most often recommended treatment. The 'open cholecystectomy' is when the surgeon makes an incision through which the gallbladder is removed; whereas the laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a less invasive procedure in which a tiny camera is used to conduct the surgery, resulting in less postoperative pain and a quicker recovery. Both procedures are very routine.
In some cases surgery may not be necessary. If the gallstones are very small, of a specific size and shape, and cholesterol in material they may be dissolved by taking medication.
HAEMORRHOIDS (PILES)
At least half the population will experience haemorrhoids at some time or another. They are basically swollen blood vessels in the anus. They may or may not be visible externally. Constipation, pregnancy, and extra weight often cause haemorrhoids
Symptoms
You may or may not experience symptoms from haemorrhoids. They are more often than not painless. You may experience lumps around the opening of the anus, particularly after straining to make a bowel movement. Slight bleeding sometimes occurs, as does discharge and itchiness near the site.
Diagnosis
If you are experiencing symptoms of haemorrhoids you may visit your pharmacist. Many over-the-counter medications exist for this condition. However, it is a good idea to see your doctor if you are experiencing bleeding, as this may or may not be the result of haemorrhoids. He or she will examine you.
Treatment
Haemorrhoids often subside without treatment. Over-the-counter creams and ointments are good at controlling itchiness. Use them exactly as directed by your pharmacist. Ice packs and pain relievers like ibuprofen can be used to control pain and swelling, if present.
If over-the-counter methods do not get rid of your haemorrhoids, your doctor may recommend a procedure like 'banding' in which a band is place around the haemorrhoid as a measure to cut of its blood supply so that it falls off. Other surgical procedures to shrink or remove them may be recommended if they become painful and untreatable by non-invasive methods.
HEAD LICE
Also known as nits, head lice are tiny insects which live in the hair of humans, feeding off the person’s blood sucked through the scalp. They multiply very quickly and are transferred from person to person through hair-to-hair contact. They cannot fly. Head lice are most common in school-aged children, yet can affect anyone. They are not a result of poor hygiene, as many think.
Symptoms
Itchiness of the scalp and the appearance of red spots on the scalp, behind ears, or on nape of neck are signs someone may have head lice. However, some people do not experience symptoms at all. Louse droppings that look like tiny black spots are sometimes detectable on pillows used by the infected.
Diagnosis
One can detect head lice by using a fine-tooth comb or special nit comb available at pharmacies. Divide the hair into sections, making sure to comb the entire head of hair, checking the comb after each stroke for the presence of lice. They are dark brown or grey in colour, and approximately 2mm in length. Unhatched eggs (also called nits) are a white tone and are found stuck to the hair. If you are unsure of whether you or your child has contracted lice, visit your pharmacist.
Treatment
Over-the-counter topical treatments are available at your local pharmacy. Ask your pharmacist to recommend a treatment that has shown to eliminate the local strain of lice. Follow the directions precisely in order to completely get rid of lice and nits.
If your child has contracted head lice, make sure to examine all members of his or her household for signs of infection. Immediately treat any members you find to be affected.
HEARTBURN
Heartburn is very common - whether it's experienced once or on a daily basis. The cause of heartburn is the reversal of stomach acid into the oesophagus; the acid irritating the lining of the oesophagus causes the sensation of heartburn.
Some foods are known to cause heartburn - caffeinated beverages, fatty foods, spicy or acidic foods, and alcohol are a few. Pregnancy and obesity are two factors which may exacerbate heartburn. Certain medical conditions like diabetes, and some prescription medications can also intensify heartburn.
Symptoms
Heartburn is named as such because the sufferer experiences a burning sensation in the chest. Sometimes the pain makes its way to the throat or mouth, and can cause an acid-like taste, coughing, difficulty swallowing, and erosion of tooth enamel if heartburn occurs frequently.
If you experience what you think to be heartburn frequently, it is important to see a doctor to determine whether heartburn is the true culprit. Sometimes heartburn can mimic a heart attack and vice versa, and as such it is very important to see your doctor to reveal the cause of your symptoms.
Diagnosis
X-rays which your healthcare provider can take can reveal problems related to heartburn. A gastroscopy or oesophagoscopy, which involves using a small tube to view the inside of the oesophagus is sometimes a better test, as it can reveal damage heartburn may have caused to the oesophagus. Another test a doctor may recommend involves analysing the strength of the stomach acid. Your doctor will discuss a suitable plan to diagnose your specific problem. A bacterial infection called Helcobacter pylori can cause heartburn.
Treatment
Over-the-counter medicines like antacids can be used to treat mild heartburn. If your heartburn is more severe and unresponsive to such treatment, your doctor may prescribe a medication like a histamine receptor blocker which lowers the amount of acid produced by the stomach. H pylori is treated with antibiotics.
HIGH CHOLESTEROL
Cholesterol is a fat that is essential to survival. It is the building block of hormones and is used to create the structure of cells. A 'normal' cholesterol level is approximately 5.0mmol/l. Women tend to have a slightly higher cholesterol level than men. High cholesterol is very common and a main cause of heart disease. The main culprit of an increased cholesterol level is heredity and saturated fat, which is present in many foods, and is increasingly high in eggs and shellfish.
Symptoms
Individuals with high cholesterol do not exhibit symptoms and it is therefore essential to have your cholesterol level routinely checked by your doctor or healthcare professional, particularly if you are at high risk of developing high cholesterol (for example, if high cholesterol or heart disease run in your family, you are overweight, a smoker, or eat a diet high in saturated fat).
Diagnosis
A simple blood test taken after fasting for approximately 12 hours can determine whether you have high cholesterol.
Treatment
Increasing physical activity, decreasing saturated fats in your diet, and quitting smoking can all help to lower cholesterol. If your cholesterol is exceptionally high your doctor may recommend that you begin taking medication.
HIV/AIDS
HIV, the virus which causes AIDS, is probably the most well-known and most feared Sexually Transmitted Disease. There is no current cure for HIV/AIDS but with the right treatment, one can live a normal life for many years. Regular condom use and testing are key to avoiding the spread of this STD. Walk-in clinics, STD clinics, GPs, and private doctors offer HIV testing, some offering instant results. Today's tests can be taken 28 days after suspected contact, but should be repeated three months later. HIV symptoms may or may not arise.
HIV can be transmitted through vaginal, anal, and less frequently oral sex. The virus can also be contracted by sharing needles. One can contract HIV from a blood transfusion; however, there is an extremely low risk of this happening in the UK or any other Western nation. HIV can be transmitted from mother to child during birth or breastfeeding, so every expectant mother and women planning a family should of course be tested for HIV.
Symptoms
Flu-like symptoms, unexplained weight loss, fever, cough, diarrhoea, and fatigue may occur one to two months after a man or woman contracts HIV. A rash or skin growths susceptible to bleeding may also appear. Women may experience recurring yeast infections (thrush).
Diagnosis
A regular blood test or instant HIV test taken by a private doctor can detect HIV.
Treatment
Medication is used to treat HIV, and a very wide range of drugs are currently available.
IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS)
IBS has no known cause yet it creates discomfort for millions. Sufferers of this condition often experience bouts of diarrhoea alternated with bouts of constipation.
Symptoms
Constipation, diarrhoea, bloating, cramps, indigestion, and gas are all symptoms of IBS. Women may also experience pain during sex. Many people with IBS feel depressed, tired, or experience sleep disturbances.
In many cases symptoms common of Irritable Bowel Syndrome are also common symptoms of other disorders. If you are over 45 years of age, are experiencing bleeding from the rectum, have lost weight, or have a history of bowel disease in your family it is advisable to see your doctor.
Diagnosis
If your doctor is unsure of your condition he or she may order tests to examine the colon and/or intestine. Tests like the colonoscopy which allow the doctor to view the colon by inserting a tube through the rectum can rule out other disorders which often are disguised as IBS.
Treatment
Treatment of IBS will depend on whether you suffer mainly from diarrhoea or constipation. Both may improve if you drink a lot of water, eat healthily, and try to avoid stressful situations. Over-the-counter medicines for both diarrhoea and constipation may be effective. Many people who experience frequent bouts of constipation find that taking a fibre supplement or bulk-forming laxative is helpful. However, be careful with laxatives, as they can become habit-forming and produce a reverse effect in the long run.
MENOPAUSE
Menopause is recognised as the time in which a woman stops menstruating. This usually occurs some time between the ages of 45 and 65. At first, a woman's periods may become irregular and occur less frequently. Menopause is marked by decreased levels of oestrogen and progesterone in the woman's system, and is referred to as the end of a woman's reproductive life.
Post-menopausal women are susceptible to osteoporosis (loss of bone density) and cardiovascular disease. You can reduce your risk of such ailments by taking regular exercise (including strength training), eating a low-fat diet, and getting enough calcium and vitamin D.
Symptoms
Hot flushes are probably the most known of the menopause symptoms. A hot flush is when the woman becomes very hot for a short period of time (rarely longer than 10 minutes), usually around the face and/or neck area. Other symptoms of menopause include night sweats, depression, anxiety, insomnia, weight gain, dry skin, vaginal dryness, loss of bone density, and changes in libido.
Diagnosis
If you have not had a period for 12-18 months, are over the age of 45, and possibly experiencing symptoms it is very likely the menopause. Visit your doctor if you have any concerns. He or she may take a blood sample to assess hormone levels.
Treatment
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) is the most popular and effective method of treatment for symptoms of menopause. Composed of oestrogen and sometimes progesterone, HRT aims to treat symptoms, like hot flashes and vaginal dryness, which are related to a decrease in hormone levels. Other treatments that utilise hormones, like Selective Oestrogen Receptor Modulators are also options of treatment.
Some antidepressants (like Citalopram or Sertraline, for example) are now being used to treat symptoms of Menopause. Your doctor will discuss your options.
MIGRAINE
Migraine refers to an intense headache, often concentrated on one side of the head. The specific cause of migraine headaches is not completely understood; however, genetics are said to play a big part. Abnormal serotonin levels are also said to play a role. Women are twice as likely than men to experience migraine headaches. Twenty per cent of females may experience a migraine in their lifetime. Sufferers usually experience their first 'attack' under the age of forty. Migraine sufferers experience an average of 15 attacks per year, each attack lasting roughly between four and twenty hours.
Individuals with recurring migraines may learn to detect triggers, which may include certain foods, lack of sleep or excessive sleep, depression, anxiety, and a woman's menstrual period, to name a few.
Symptoms
The common migraine is marked by an intense, throbbing headache, often concentrated on one side of the head. Other symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and constipation. People suffering from a migraine may experience severe light sensitivity and aversion to noise.
Some migraine sufferers experience migraine with aura, known as classical migraine. Along with the common migraine symptoms, classical migraine patients may experience tingling limbs or 'pins and needles', visual disturbances like blind spots and flashing light, and/or speech difficulty.
Diagnosis
There are no laboratory tests which can diagnose migraine. Your doctor or healthcare professional will ask you questions about your symptoms (severity, how often symptoms arise, duration of headache, etc…) and assess possible triggers. In some cases, tests may be ordered to rule out other causes of your symptoms.
Treatment
Migraine headaches can often be treated with over-the-counter medicine like paracetamol and aspirin. If such remedies are ineffective your doctor may prescribe triptan medication, which is specifically made to treat migraine symptoms. Stronger painkillers unavailable over-the-counter may also be prescribed. If you experience several 'attacks' each month, you may benefit from taking medication on a daily basis, as preventative care. Of course, recognising and avoiding possible triggers will decrease the number of migraine attacks you experience.
PREMENSTRUAL TENSION (PMT)
Premenstrual Tension, sometimes referred to as Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is very common, especially in teenagers and women who have had children. Symptoms occur 7-14 days before the beginning of a woman's period, and usually subside when her period begins.
Symptoms
Many physical and emotional symptoms characterise PMT. Of course you don't have to suffer from all of them in order to be diagnosed as regularly experiencing PMT. Some of the many symptoms are fatigue, mood swings, difficulty concentrating, depression, irritability, aggression, bloating, stomach pain, breast tenderness, acne, and headaches.
Diagnosis
By keeping track of your periods and symptoms, and assessing such patterns, you can usually determine whether or not you suffer from PMT. If you are unsure visit your doctor or private walk-in medical clinic.
Treatment
Many doctors recommend that women who suffer from PMT take regular exercise, eat well and cut down on salt intake. Cutting down on caffeine and alcohol when symptoms are expected to arise is also recommended, particularly if depression is one of your symptoms.
There are many over-the-counter medicines which alleviate symptoms (ibuprofen is one). If these are not sufficient, your doctor may prescribe oral contraceptives, as they very often decrease symptoms dramatically, by levelling hormone levels. Antidepressant medication is also sometimes recommended to patients who suffer from emotional symptoms related to PMT.
PSORIASIS
Psoriasis is a chronic condition in which the skin cells regenerate faster than 'normal' skin cells. Chronic Plaque Psoriasis is the most common type of psoriasis. Onset of the condition may occur at any age; however, studies have shown that psoriasis often becomes prevalent between the ages of 11 and 45. It is known to be genetically related, though the condition is said to skip a generation. Injury to the skin, sunburn, chest infections, and stress are a few things that can trigger psoriasis. Psoriasis is not contagious.
Symptoms
The most common form of psoriasis manifests itself as red blotches of skin, often covered with silver-coloured patches. The skin is dry and often itchy. The most commonly affected areas are the elbows, knees, and scalp, but other parts of the body can be affected. Symptoms of less common forms of psoriasis include red spots or lesions; white spots containing pus; lesions within skin folds; and essentially red, itchy skin. Symptoms differ from person to person and can range from mild to severe. It is important to note that patients usually develop 'outbreaks' of symptoms between dormant periods.
Six to ten per cent of psoriasis patients develop psoriatic arthritis. This is marked by inflammation of the joints, ultimately leading to pain and swelling of affected areas. The fingers, toes, and lower back are the most commonly affected areas.
Some psoriasis sufferers become self-conscious of their appearance, even if symptoms are mild and not very noticeable to the public. As a result, some psoriasis patients become withdrawn and depressed.
As the symptoms of psoriasis are similar to those of other conditions, it is essential to visit your doctor or walk-in clinic if you suspect you may be affected by this condition.
Diagnosis
Visit your doctor or walk-in clinic if you are experiencing symptoms of psoriasis. Your healthcare professional will examine your skin and discuss symptoms to determine whether psoriasis is the culprit.
Treatment
Your healthcare professional will devise an appropriate treatment plan. Treatment options include topical agents such as creams and ointments; phototherapy (exposure to ultraviolet light); and oral medication. Treatment options can be used alone or in combination.
TONSILLITIS
The tonsils are two glands located in the back of the throat. When they become inflamed tonsillitis may be diagnosed. Tonsillitis can be spread from saliva or mucus, even in tiny droplets invisible to the eye (for example coughing and sneezing is a cause of transmission). This illness is very common in school-aged children but can affect all ages.
Symptoms
Sore throat is of course the main symptom of tonsillitis. Fever, difficulty swallowing, fatigue, headache, loss of voice, and swollen glands are also symptoms. Your tonsils may also have white spots on them. You may not have all of these symptoms. If you have experienced a severe sore throat for more than 48 hours you should see your GP or visit a private walk-in clinic.
Diagnosis
Your doctor will ask you questions about your symptoms. He or she may also take a swab sample from your throat and/or a blood test to make a precise diagnosis.
Treatment
Treatment may depend on whether your tonsillitis is caused by a virus or bacterial infection. If tonsillitis is a result of a bacterial infection, you may be prescribed antibiotics. Treatment will depend on the severity of symptoms. Your doctor may tell you that you can treat your condition without prescription medication. In this case, paracetamol or ibuprofen can be used to lower fever and relieve pain. Gargling with warm salt water and taking in plenty of fluids will also be recommended. Antibiotics may be prescribed; if they are be sure to follow the doctor’s instructions precisely and finish the course of treatment.
For years on end, tonsillitis was treated by removing the tonsils. This is not the first call of action these days and is usually not necessary. In cases where the individual experiences recurring tonsillitis which hinders daily activities frequently, removal of the tonsils may be advised.
Thyroid Disease
The thyroid is a gland located in your neck. This gland is responsible for producing two hormones that regulate the body's metabolism. Sometimes the thyroid doesn't produce enough hormone (hypothyroidism) or produces too much (hyperthyroidism). These two conditions classified as thyroid disease can develop at any time in one's life. Women are much more likely than men to have thyroid disease.
Thyroid disease can be caused by factors including autoimmune diseases, certain medications (lithium, for example), thyroid surgery, and too much or too little iodine in the system, to name a few.
Hypothyroidism
Symptoms
Symptoms of hypothyroidism include fatigue that does not subside after adequate sleep, depression, dry skin, thinning hair, unhealthy nails, oversensitivity to cold, poor concentration, muscle aches and weakness, weight gain, constipation, low libido, hoarse voice, and heavy periods in women. In some cases there will be swelling in the neck (known as a 'goitre'). If hypothyroidism goes untreated the patient may experience cardiovascular problems and a severe drop in body temperature. Myxedema coma can occur in rare cases in which hypothyroidism has not been treated, and can be life threatening.
Diagnosis
A blood test can usually determine whether or not you have hypothyroidism. In some cases, additional tests may be necessary. See your doctor or visit a private walk-in clinic if you are experiencing symptoms.
Treatment
Hypothyroidism can be successfully treated with medication. In most cases, levothyroxine, taken in tablet form once per day, will normalize hormone levels. The drug should be taken long-term.
Hyperthyroidism
Symptoms
Some people with hyperthyroidism will not experience symptoms. Possible symptoms include inability to tolerate heat, nervousness, increased heart rate, weight loss, decreased concentration, fatigue, eye/vision problems, increased number of bowel movements, thinning hair, sleep problems, mental agitation, and infrequent periods in women. In some cases there will be swelling in the neck (known as a 'goitre').
Diagnosis
Hyperthyroidism can usually be diagnosed with a blood test. In some cases, scans or ultrasounds may be ordered to confirm whether one has this condition.
Treatment
There are a few available treatments for hyperthyroidism. Antithyroid drugs are often used, but they are not the most effective form of treatment. Radioactive iodine treatment, in which the patient drinks one dose of radioactive iodine, often cures hyperthyroidism. This treatment destroys part of the thyroid gland without affecting other parts of the body. Surgery to treat hyperthyroidism is rarely performed.
ULCERS
Ulcers are sores that develop in the stomach or duodenum. Stomach ulcers are more common in people over the age of 60, while duodenum ulcers often develop at a younger age.
It has long been thought that ulcers are caused by stress, but doctors now know otherwise. However, stressful situations may intensify symptoms. The main cause of ulcers is now known to be an infection called H. Pylori. Additionally, medicines like aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that are often used to treat arthritis and back pain can be culprits.
Symptoms
Many people with ulcers experience a feeling of indigestion or pain in the abdomen. The sensation is sometimes also described as heartburn. Spicy and acidic foods usually make symptoms worse. If you think or know you have an ulcer and are experiencing unexplained weight loss, sudden pain, are vomiting blood, or have black stool, visit your doctor or walk-in clinic as soon as possible.
Diagnosis
A test called gastroscopy is the most effective test for diagnosing ulcers. It involves passing a small tube-like instrument through the mouth in order for the doctor to view the stomach, oesophagus, and duodenum. The procedure may be carried out under a mild anaesthetic.
Treatment
Ulcers can be treated with a variety of drugs, including proton-pump inhibitors, H2-blockers, mucosal protective agents, and antibiotics. Combination therapy, which involves following a specific regimen of taking combinations of different medicines is currently the most popular course of treatment for ulcers.
Surgery is also used as a course of action. Surgery will most likely be to reduce stomach acid secretion. Your doctor will discuss the various procedures which may treat your ulcer.
URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI)
Urinary tract infections occur when parts of the urinary system (bladder, kidneys, ureters, urethra) become infected, often by bacteria. Women are much more likely to develop UTIs than men and it is estimated that one in five women will develop a UTI at one point in her life. There is usually no identifiable cause of this infection; however, many women report that their symptoms arise after sexual intercourse. Some factors which may increase one's susceptibility to UTIs are pregnancy, menopause, diabetes, enlarged prostate in men, and certain medications, to name a few.
There are two types of urinary tract infections. The first type affects the lower part of the urinary tract and the second affects the upper part. Upper tract infections are potentially more serious.
Symptoms
UTI symptoms include pain while urinating, urinating more frequently than usual or having a sudden urge to urinate, feeling that you may not be urinating fully, abnormal smelling urine, bloody or cloudy urine, lower abdominal pain, and fever. Nausea, vomiting, intense lower back pain (usually on one side only), and chills may indicate an upper urinary tract infection, which can become more serious if left untreated.
Diagnosis
Your doctor or healthcare professional at a private walk-in clinic can diagnose a UTI, usually through a simple urine sample. Men, children, and those with recurrent infections may be recommended to undergo additional tests (ultrasound and internal examinations may be ordered).
Treatment
Antibiotics taken orally usually treat UTIs successfully. In severe cases, intravenous antibiotic administration may be needed. If you suffer from recurring UTIs, your doctor may recommend you drink lots of water, avoid sugar, and try to urinate frequently. Cranberry juice is also said to be helpful to UTI sufferers. If the infection tends to flare up after sexual activity a single antibiotic dose following activity, or change of sexual position(s) may be suggested.
